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    Evidence Bubbles Over to Support Tabletop Nuclear Fusion Device
    Posted on Tuesday, March 02, 2004 @ 20:25:54 GMT by vlad

    Devices WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind., March 2 (AScribe Newswire) -- Researchers are reporting new evidence supporting their earlier discovery of an inexpensive "tabletop" device that uses sound waves to produce nuclear fusion reactions.

    The researchers believe the new evidence shows that "sonofusion" generates nuclear reactions by creating tiny bubbles that implode with tremendous force. Nuclear fusion reactors have historically required large, multibillion-dollar machines, but sonofusion devices might be built for a fraction of that cost.



    "What we are doing, in effect, is producing nuclear emissions in a simple desktop apparatus," said Rusi Taleyarkhan, the principal investigator and a professor of nuclear engineer at Purdue University. "That really is the magnitude of the discovery - the ability to use simple mechanical force for the first time in history to initiate conditions comparable to the interior of stars."

    The technology might one day result in a new class of low-cost, compact detectors for security applications that use neutrons to probe the contents of suitcases; devices for research that use neutrons to analyze the molecular structures of materials; machines that cheaply manufacture new synthetic materials and efficiently produce tritium, which is used for numerous applications ranging from medical imaging to watch dials; and a new technique to study various phenomena in cosmology, including the workings of neutron stars and black holes.

    Taleyarkhan led the research team while he was a full-time scientist at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and he is now the Arden L. Bement Jr. Professor of Nuclear Engineering at Purdue.

    The new findings are being reported in a paper that will appear this month in the journal Physical Review E, published by the American Physical Society. The paper was written by Taleyarkhan; postdoctoral fellow J.S Cho at Oak Ridge Associated Universities; Colin West, a retired scientist from Oak Ridge; Richard T. Lahey Jr., the Edward E. Hood Professor of Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI); R.C. Nigmatulin, a visiting scholar at RPI and president of the Russian Academy of Sciences' Bashkortonstan branch; and Robert C. Block, active professor emeritus in the School of Engineering at RPI and director of RPI's Gaerttner Linear Accelerator Laboratory.

    The discovery was first reported in March 2002 in the journal Science.

    Since then the researchers have acquired additional funding from the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, purchased more precise instruments and equipment to collect more accurate data, and successfully reproduced and improved upon the original experiment, Taleyarkhan said.

    "A fair amount of very substantial new work was conducted, " Taleyarkhan said. "And also, this time around I made a conscious decision to involve as many individuals as possible - top scientists and physicists from around the world and experts in neutron science - to come to the lab and review our procedures and findings before we even submitted the manuscript to a journal for its own independent peer review."

    The device is a clear glass canister about the height of two coffee mugs stacked on top of one another. Inside the canister is a liquid called deuterated acetone. The acetone contains a form of hydrogen called deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, which contains one proton and one neutron in its nucleus. Normal hydrogen contains only one proton in its nucleus.

    The researchers expose the clear canister of liquid to pulses of neutrons every five milliseconds, or thousandths of a second, causing tiny cavities to form. At the same time, the liquid is bombarded with a specific frequency of ultrasound, which causes the cavities to form into bubbles that are about 60 nanometers - or billionths of a meter - in diameter. The bubbles then expand to a much larger size, about 6,000 microns, or millionths of a meter - large enough to be seen with the unaided eye.

    "The process is analogous to stretching a slingshot from Earth to the nearest star, our sun, thereby building up a huge amount of energy when released," Taleyarkhan said.

    Within nanoseconds these large bubbles contract with tremendous force, returning to roughly their original size, and release flashes of light in a well-known phenomenon known as sonoluminescence. Because the bubbles grow to such a relatively large size before they implode, their contraction causes extreme temperatures and pressures comparable to those found in the interiors of stars. Researches estimate that temperatures inside the imploding bubbles reach 10 million degrees Celsius and pressures comparable to 1,000 million earth atmospheres at sea level.

    At that point, deuterium atoms fuse together, the same way hydrogen atoms fuse in stars, releasing neutrons and energy in the process. The process also releases a type of radiation called gamma rays and a radioactive material called tritium, all of which have been recorded and measured by the team. In future versions of the experiment, the tritium produced might then be used as a fuel to drive energy-producing reactions in which it fuses with deuterium.

    Whereas conventional nuclear fission reactors produce waste products that take thousands of years to decay, the waste products from fusion plants are short-lived, decaying to non-dangerous levels in a decade or two. The desktop experiment is safe because, although the reactions generate extremely high pressures and temperatures, those extreme conditions exist only in small regions of the liquid in the container - within the collapsing bubbles.

    One key to the process is the large difference between the original size of the bubbles and their expanded size. Going from 60 nanometers to 6,000 microns is about 100,000 times larger, compared to the bubbles usually formed in sonoluminescence, which grow only about 10 times larger before they implode.

    "This means you've got about a trillion times more energy potentially available for compression of the bubbles than you do with conventional sonoluminescence," Taleyarkhan said. "When the light flashes are emitted, it's getting extremely hot, and if your liquid has deuterium atoms compared to ordinary hydrogen atoms, the conditions are hot enough to produce nuclear fusion."

    The ultrasound switches on and off about 20,000 times a second as the liquid is being bombarded by neutrons.

    The researchers compared their results using normal acetone and deuterated acetone, showing no evidence of fusion in the former.

    Each five-millisecond pulse of neutrons is followed by a five-millisecond gap, during which time the bubbles implode, release light and emit a surge of about 1 million neutrons per second.

    In the first experiments, with the less sophisticated equipment, the team was only able to collect data during a small portion of the five-millisecond intervals between neutron pulses. The new equipment enabled the researchers to see what was happening over the entire course of the experiment.

    The data clearly show surges in neutrons emitted in precise timing with the light flashes, meaning the neutron emissions are produced by the collapsing bubbles responsible for the flashes of light, Taleyarkhan said.

    "We see neutrons being emitted each time the bubble is imploding with sufficient violence," Taleyarkhan said.

    Fusion of deuterium atoms emits neutrons that fall within a specific energy range of 2.5 mega-electron volts or below, which was the level of energy seen in neutrons produced in the experiment. The production of tritium also can only be attributed to fusion, and it was never observed in any of the control experiments in which normal acetone was used, he said.

    Whereas data from the previous experiment had roughly a one in 100 chance of being attributed to some phenomena other than nuclear fusion, the new, more precise results represent more like a one in a trillion chance of being wrong, Taleyarkhan said.

    "There is only one way to produce tritium - through nuclear processes," he said.

    The results also agree with mathematical theory and modeling.

    Future work will focus on studying ways to scale up the device, which is needed before it could be used in practical applications, and creating portable devices that operate without the need for the expensive equipment now used to bombard the canister with pulses of neutrons.

    "That takes it to the next level because then it's a standalone generator," Taleyarkhan said. "These will be little nuclear reactors by themselves that are producing neutrons and energy."

    Such an advance could lead to the development of extremely accurate portable detectors that use neutrons for a wide variety of applications.

    "If you have a neutron source you can detect virtually anything because neutrons interact with atomic nuclei in such a way that each material shows a clear-cut signature," Taleyarkhan said.

    The technique also might be used to synthesize materials inexpensively.

    "For example, carbon is turned into diamond using extreme heat and temperature over many years," Taleyarkhan said. "You wouldn't have to wait years to convert carbon to diamond. In chemistry, most reactions grow exponentially with temperature. Now we might have a way to synthesize certain chemicals that were otherwise difficult to do economically."

    "Several applications in the field of medicine also appear feasible, such as tumor treatment."

    Before such a system could be used as a new energy source, however, researchers must reach beyond the "break-even" point, in which more energy is released from the reaction than the amount of energy it takes to drive the reaction.

    "We are not yet at break-even," Taleyarkhan said. "That would be the ultimate. I don't know if it will ever happen, but we are hopeful that it will and don't see any clear reason why not. In the future we will attempt to scale up this system and see how far we can go."

    CITATION: Additional Evidence of nuclear emissions during acoustic cavitation. R.P. Taleyarkhan (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907), J.S. Cho (Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830), C.D. West (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180), R.T. Lahey Jr. (Rensselaer), R.I. Nigmatulin (Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Karl Marx Street, Ufa 450000, Russia), and R.C. Block (Rensselaer).


     
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    "Evidence Bubbles Over to Support Tabletop Nuclear Fusion Device" | Login/Create an Account | 6 comments | Search Discussion
    The comments are owned by the poster. We aren't responsible for their content.

    No Comments Allowed for Anonymous, please register

    Re: Evidence Bubbles Over to Support Tabletop Nuclear Fusion Device (Score: 0)
    by Anonymous on Wednesday, March 03, 2004 @ 11:56:23 GMT
    Since there's plenty of people in here who have their own labs, it might be worth noting that the principle on which this is base, sonolumiescence, is apparently not that hard to do on your own at home.

    Here's a post from Slashdot by "addaon" about how to do this. I haven't done it, but it seems straightforward enough:

    Our setup is presumably somewhat different than ours, but here's the summary of the five-minute do-it-your-self sonoluminescence kit:

    Take a spherical flask, around 100ml or so. Bigger will mean lower frequencies but higher amplitudes needed. Fill the flask with water from the tap, up until the mensicus is just at the neck of the flask (that is, the water body is as close to spherical as possible). Attach on opposite sides of the flask two speakers, and somewhere else (we just put it between the two speakers, 90 degrees from each, but it doesn't really matter) a microphone.

    Hook up a frequency generator to your speakers. Hook up your mic to a 'scope. You'll see the frequency being generated being picked up, slightly muffled and distorted, by the microphone. Tune your frequency until you get resonance; it'll be really, really obvious as the peaks of the mic output become much sharper than the input frequency. The actual frequency depends greatly on the water volume, and is very sensitive to temperature; for our particular setup 48kHz - 52kHz seems about right.

    Turn off the light. Allow your eyes about 10 minutes to adjust. With this setup, you'll have light about as bright as a 5th-magnitude star. Any stray light at all will limit your detection. Slowly pump up the amplitude of your input. As the amplitude goes up, resonance frequency changes slightly, so tune as needed. The total amplitude needed is not very high, but it's probably going to be in the top half of a non-amplified signal generator's range.

    The gas in the bubble, in this case, is a combination of (some) water vapor and (mostly) outgassed dissolved gasses. That's why we used tap water, above. Bottled water has much less dissolved gasses, so will be much dimmer. Also, water that sits there outgasses, so if you don't change your water it'll get dimmer over time. But we can exploit the fact that it's this added gas that glows, if we want.

    Drill a very small hole (seven mil, for us) in the exact bottom of your glass flask. Attach a capilary of the same ID, or a bit more. Attach capilary to a gas canister, and input a low flow rate of gas while running the experiment as above. The idea is to have a near-constant flow of extremely small gas bubbles. If the bubbles are too big, nothing will happen at all; the temperature doesn't get high enough. If there are too many bubbles, you disturb resonance something awful. If the bubbles don't pass through the center, they'll be ignored. But if you get it just right, you'll get a nice burst of light (0th or 1st magnitude) when each bubble goes through, appearing as a constant point of light to the naked eye.

    Argon works really nicely for this. Nitrogen works too. You don't want to use anything that dissolves too easily, because it will saturate the water; too much gas outgassing results in bubbles too big to glow. And you'll have to chance the water quite often, because everything will dissolve too much eventually (although helium seems to either dissolve less or just outgas from the top of the flask more quickly).

    I presume what they're using in this experiment is hydrogen/deuterium gas, either fed in ordissolved in the water.

    Since I should be studying for a midterm, I'll cut off my tutorial now, but feel free to ask more!

    In one of the Bard's best-thought-of tragedies our insistent hero Hamlet queries on two fronts about how life turns rott



    Re: Evidence Bubbles Over to Support Tabletop Nuclear Fusion Device (Score: 1)
    by ElectroDynaCat on Wednesday, March 03, 2004 @ 16:31:01 GMT
    (User Info | Send a Message)
    Neutrons are not conclusive evidence that fusion is taking place, although neutrons are produced by fusion. Deutrium, when it gets banged around hard enough(1.2Mev) will break up into a proton and a neutron, in fact during early CNF research this mode of production had fooled many experimenters into thinking they had reached the promised land. As for all you garage experimenters just be careful, those little neutrally charged bullets can travel through a lot of material and hurt you.



    Bubble Fusion (Score: 1)
    by vlad on Saturday, March 20, 2004 @ 12:32:54 GMT
    (User Info | Send a Message) http://www.zpenergy.com
    Dale writes: Perhaps modern science is beginning to replicate some of Keely''s original work of releasing energy from atoms using vibration.... Dale

    Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation
    The report by R. P. Taleyarkhan et al. of observations of tritium decay and neutron emissions associated with the collapse of tiny bubbles in deuterated acetone -- and the possibility that those observations may have arisen from fusion reactions within the imploding bubbles -- has generated substantial attention.
    www.sciencemag.org

    Bubble fusion makes controversial return
    4 March 2004

    The physicist who claimed to have observed nuclear fusion in a beaker of acetone two years ago has published new data to back up his claim. Rusi Taleyarkhan, now at Purdue University in Indiana, and colleagues say that fusion neutrons and tritium are produced when the acetone is subjected to intense sound waves in a table-top sonoluminescence experiment (R Taleyarkhan et al. 2004 Phys. Rev. E to be published). However, other physicists continue to doubt the experiment.
    physicsweb.org

    Bubble Fusion - Desktop Nuclear Energy
    By Mary Bellis

    Fusion is the power source of the sun and the stars. The large quantity of energy released by the sun and the stars is the result of the conversion of matter into energy. This occurs when the lightest atom, hydrogen, is heated to very high temperatures forming a special gas called "plasma". In this plasma, hydrogen atoms combine, or "fuse", to form a heavier atom, helium. In the process of fusing, some of the hydrogen involved is converted directly into large amounts of energy.
    inventors.about.com
    Dale



     

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