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Physical mechanism behind the quantum entanglement
Posted on Monday, January 11, 2016 @ 17:08:03 UTC by vlad

Science WGUGLINSKI writes: To: Dr. Brian Josephson, Nobel Prize in Physics/ University of Cambridge

Dear Dr. Josephson,

You are the leader of the Mind-Matter Unification Project developed in the University of Cambridge.

Obviously you can have success in your attempt of getting the unification mind-matter only in the case that nothing is missing in the laws adopted for the Quantum Mechanics. But if the current Quantum Mechanics is incomplete, it ‘s hard to hope your theory can be successful.

So, I would like to ask you:  do you think the quantum entanglement is really a phantasmagoric phenomenon, as considered in Quantum Mechanics?

As you know, in 2011 an experiment has detected the Aether:


Moving mirrors make light from nothing
http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110603/full/news.2011.346.html

Then suppose that the Aether influences in some laws of Quantum Mechanics.  For instance, suppose that the quantum entanglement is promoted by the Aether.

Do you believe is it possible to develop a successful mind-matter unification by neglecting the influence of the Aether?

I suppose that you consider the quantum entanglement in your theory.  But in the case the entanglement is really promoted by interactions with the Aether, do you think your theory can be correct?

My opinion about the quantum entanglement has changed after 2014, when the journal Nature has published the experiment led by Dr. Gabriela Barreto Lemos.  In my book The Missed U-Turn, published in Amazon.com, the mechanism proposed for explaining the quantum entanglement is wrong.

That’s why I wrote a new mechanism for the quantum entanglement, as shown ahead.

Regards
Wladimir Guglinski


17- THE EPR EXPERIMENT

In 1998 the entanglement was the subject of a talk between me and my friend Dr, Claudio Nassif, at that time a student of Physics. According to his understanding, there is only one way to explain the entanglement: by considering that two particles very far away one each other can interact (via an interaction very faster than light speed) thanks to an entanglement between them promoted by the Aether.


I did not accept his conjecture, because in my opinion the sort of entanglement promoted by the Aether would have a longitudinal feature, and therefore unable to promote the change of the direction of the spin of a particle. And that’s why I tried to find another sort of explanation, published in 2006 in my book Quantum Ring Theory. According to that explanation, the entanglement does not exist. However two experiments have changed my mind about the existence of the entanglement. The first experiment was regarding the entanglement between photons, and it was led by Dr. Gabriela Barreto Lemos and published in the journal Nature in August 2014:

Entangled photons make a picture from a paradox

http://www.nature.com/news/entangled-photons-make-a-picture-from-a-paradox-1.15781


There was no way to explain Gabriela’s experiment by considering the interpretation proposed originally in my book Quantum Ring Theory in 2006, and so in August 2014 I have realized that my belief that the entanglement does not exist was wrong. Her experiment was the subject of a discussion between me and some readers of the Andrea Rossi’s blog Journal of Nuclear Physics, and then I sent to Dr. Gabriela two emails suggesting to her new versions of the experiment, so that to help us to understand the nature of the entanglement. A resume of the discussion is published in ZPEnergy.com:

http://www.zpenergy.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=3571


The second experiment which has proven the existence of the entanglement without any doubt was regarding the entanglement involving photons and electrons, and published in August 2015 in the journal Nature:

Quantum ‘spookiness’ passes toughest test yet

http://www.nature.com/news/quantum-spookiness-passes-toughest-test-yet-1.18255


So, face to the experiments proven the existence of the entanglement, I had to change my interpretation based on my belief that the entanglement does not exist. And therefore only one way was available so that to explain the phenomenon: by considering the interaction between two particles far away one each other due to the Aether, as has supposed my friend Nassif in 1998. But a problem has arisen: how does explain how can the entanglement promoted by the Aether to change the spin of a particle, since that sort of interaction between the two particles would have to be only longitudinal? Ahead in 17.1 is explained the interpretation proposed originally in my book Quantum Ring Theory, and in 17.2 is proposed the new interpretation based on the entanglement promoted by the Aether.


17.1- The 2006 interpretation proposed in my book QRT

If something bored Einstein more than the random character of quantum theory, it was its subjective character. In the interpretation of Bohr and Heisenberg, reality is created by the observer and Einstein’s question to Bohr, mocking the subjetive reality of quantum theory “Do you believe that the Moon only exists when you look at it?” became famous. For Einstein, “The belief in an external world independent of the subjective perception is the base of all natual science”, and the Bohr-Heinseberg interpretation of Quantum Mechanics contradicted this belief.


For Bohr, when Einstein criticised the subjective reality, the father of relativity placed himself on the same footing as those critical of his own theory of relativity. An irony, according to Bohr, because it was Einstein who made the physicist perceive that time and space are not absolute but relative, dependent on the status of motion of the observer. In the same way, insisted Bohr, he and Heisenberg simply followed this same line of thinking by going one step further and recognizing that their own reality also depends upon the observer. It seemed incomprehensible that Einstein refused to accept that natural extension of his own ideas. After much discussion, Einstein agreed with Bohr that the quantum theory correctly describes all the conceived experiments up to that point in time. If Bohr and Einstein had been able to take cold fusion into account, the discussion would have ended with Einstein’s victory. This is possibly an additional reason why quantum physicists may dislike the idea of cold fusion so much because they all share the conviction that Einstein’s conclusion that quantum theory correctly describes all the conceived experiments up that point in time is one that, until today, has never been contested. To continue with this viewpoint, they need to deny cold fusion.


However, even if he did agree that quantum theory correctly describes the experiments, Einstein then criticized the theory on the grounds that it would be incomplete. Niels Bohr replied with a new attack by defending the theory, stating that, even allowing for it’s statistical nature, quantum theory was complete and the uncertainty in quantum theory, that Einstein criticized as being a defect, was actually a virtue because if uncertainty is a reality in the world, then the theory describes reality rigorously. It would be insane to look for an accurate description of an inaccurate world.


In showing that quantum theory was incomplete, Einstein had the help of the physicists Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen and they discussed an imaginary experiment, which became known as EPR experiment (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen), that generated a paradox known as the EPR paradox. Proposed in 1935, the EPR experiment was conceived to be performed using electrons. Later it was performed with photons, using polarizated light. If you ask to a physicist what polarized light is, he will not know how to respond. He can tell you how the polarized light is obtained, what experiments can be carried out with it, etc., but he does not know what the phenomenon is. This ignorance is due to the fact that there is not a model of a photon in Modern Physics. For physicists, light is an abstraction whose properties are described by Maxwell’s equations. Not having a model for light and, therefore, not knowing what light is, how could they know what polarized light is?


The EPR paradox is a thought experiment that demonstrates that, according to Quantum Mechanics, the result of a measurement made on a part of a quantum system can have an instantaneous effect on the result of another measurement made on another part, independently of the distance that separates the two parts. It contradicts the principle of special relativity according to which information cannot be transmitted faster than the speed of light. Later the physicist David Bohm converted the initial thought experiment into a nearly practical experiment.


A solution for the paradox, according to Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen, would be to consider Quantum Mechanics as incomplete, in spite of its success in a large variety of experimental contexts. So, there would be a yet-to-be-discovered natural theory, from which Quantum Mechanics would emerge as a statistical approach. Differently from Quantum Mechanics, this new complete theory would contain variables corresponding to all the elements of reality. Some unknown mechanism would be acting on the variables producing the observed effects. It is known as the theory of hidden variables.


The EPR paradox has occupied the thoughts of many thinkers that, like Bohr and Einstein, tried to find a resolution. Nobody succeeded and both Einstein and Bohr were dead when John Bell deciphered the enigma, in 1964. According to him the problem was in the presupposition of locality. In the 60’s Bell examined critically a proposal of Von Neumann on the non-existence of hidden variables. It was the point of departure for proposing a theorem that became famous and known as Bell Theorem, which consists of a class of inequalities and he demonstrated one of them. Bell showed that the predictions of Quantum Mechanics in the EPR thought experiment are always a little different from the predictions of most hidden variable theories and that Quantum Mechanics predicts a statistical correlation a little stronger from the results obtained than that obtained from the hidden variable theories. These differences became known as Bell’s Inequalities and they are, in principle, detectable experimentally.


In short, Bell’s theorem offered a form of quantificating some concepts. Bell’s inequalities suggest that the hidden variable theories must be discarded because the predictions of Quantum Mechanics produce better results. His theorem establishes an absolute distinction between Quantum Mechanics and Classical Mechanics and implies that there is no regime of hidden variables which can produce all the results of Quantum Mechanics. In 1982 Alain Aspect performed an experiment whose results were interpreted as confirmation that Nature acts through the non-local principle. In the experiment two photons interacted instantaneously at a distance. When the polarization of one of them is measured, the other instantaneously adopts that same polarization. If the experiment was carried using two photons, one here on the Earth and the other on another far away planet, even so they should still interact instantaneously as if they were connected through space. But let us analyze the facts.


The initial hypotheses of the EPR paradox were the following:


a) The predictions of Quantum Mechanics are correct

b) Nothing can propagate faster than light.

c) If, without disturbing a system, we can predict the value of a physical quantity with certainty, then there is an element of physical reality that corresponds to this quantity.


According to Bell’s theorem, any theory that intends to describe reality and which, by satisfying the hypotheses “a” and “c”, necessarily violates hypothesis “b”, must to be non-local.

Observe the hypothesis “a”: “the predictions of Quantum Mechanics are correct”. The fundamental pillar of the theory is de Broglie’s postulate of wave-particle duality, However, if the duality is not a property of matter but a consequence of the helical trajectory of particles, then everything thought about the EPR paradox will be invalid. Put another way, when one departs from the initial point that “the predictions of Quantum Mechanics are correct”, it is admitting that a theory of hidden variables will be developed also on the basis of de Broglie’s postulate of duality. Without considering the helical trajectory, von Neumann’s proposal really makes sense because it is impracticable to think of hidden variables if the particles move classically with rectilinear trajectories. But the proposal loses its validity if we consider the helical trajectory predicted in Dirac’s equation. Put another way, those who had proposed theories of hidden variables obviously retained the validity of de Broglie’s postulate.

So, the amendment became worse than the original. This sort of hidden variable theory is equivalent to concocting an odd mixture of classical and quanta concepts so that the results will have to be worse than those obtained from quantum theory itself, - something predictable that the Bell’s unequalities have only confirmed.

As one sees, all the great paradoxes of Quantum Mechanics depend on de Broglie’s postulate. It is the Achilles’ heel of the theory. If wave-particle duality is really a consequence of the helical trajectory, then Quantum Mechanics is invalidated because de Broglie’s postulate is the point of departure from which all the theory has been developed. Quantum Mechanics is really a non-local theory because it was developed by starting from de Broglie’s postulate and, according to what we have verified from Bell’s theorem that it satisfies hypothesis “a” but violates hypothesis “b”, it must be non-local. Nevertheless, if particles move along a helical trajectory, hypothesis “a” is not satisfied in Nature or, in other words, Nature acts locally. However, Quantum Mechanics is non-local; that is, Nature does not act according to the theory.

The fundamental error of the 20th Century theoreticians was to consider de Broglie’s postulate as an absolute incontestable truth.


By seeing where Bell’s theory fails, let us analyse the EPR paradox by considering the helical trajectory. Let us begin by explaining what the polarization of a transverse wave is. We will use a string for the illustration.


Image:FIG._35_and_36.png


Fig. 35 shows a string whose left-hand end is rotating in a circle to propagate transverse waves in all directions. By placing a plate with a vertical slit in the path of the waves as shown, the slit will filter out all of the waves except the one that propagates vertically. We say that the wave of the string is vertically polarized. In this case, we used a mechanical polarizer which is the plate with the slit.


In fig. 36, an additional polarizer plate with a slit inclined at 45o to the vertical is introduced and the wave in the string disapears.

The light is polarized when it passes through some translucent materials. If we perform the experiment of fig. 36 with light and use optical polarizers, it is seen that the light may, or may not, pass through the second polarizer. The probability that light, polarized 90o by the polarizer 1, also passes through polarizor 2, is 50%; that is, half of the photons cross the polarizer 2 and, in this way, they acquire a new polarization of 45o. The other half one does not cross though, implying random behavior. It was this random character of light that convinced Einstein and Dirac that it would be impossible for a theoretical model of the photon to exist. A photon with well defined physical structure which, therefore, could be represented by a theoretical model could not produce that statistical behavior.

Ahead we see how the Alain Aspect experiment was carried out.


An atom emits two photons A and B, as shown in fig. 37.

The two photons are identical. Photon A goes one way and its twin brother goes another; for instance, photon A goes to a room where there is a laboratory and photon B goes to a different room where there is another laboratory. Both of them pass by the same process; first they pass through a 90o polarizer and, after that, they pass through a 45o polarizer.


Image:FIG._37.png

When they fall upon the 45o polarizer, the chance of each passing is 50%. In this case we can have the following situations after the falling of each of them into the respective 45o polarizer.

a) photon A passes but photon B does not pass

b) photon B passes but photon A does not pass

c) both pass

d) neither passes


One perceives easily that the chance of always obtaining the same result; that is, either both pass, or both do not pass, is only 50%. In half of measurements made with several groups of photons A and B, we have to expect that photon A passes and B does not, and vice versa.

However, there is a mystery. In the experiments carried out by Aspect, the result was always the same. Only situations “c” and “d” were verified. When photon A passes, so does B and, when A does not pass, neither does B. The situations “a” and “b” never occurred.

The interpretation, as known, is that photon A, when it is measured, at once transmits information to photon B, saying: “Look, I passed. Then you have to pass too”. According to quantum theory, photon B doesn’t even need to be measured at once. It can be travelling in space for years but, at the instant somebody makes a measurement, it is found that it coincides with photon A. It also does not depend upon the distance, the two photons can be separated by thousand of kilometers, and the information from A arrives at B instantenously, at the same instant when photon A is measured. It is called entanglement. Physicists hoped to apply it to developing a new technology for computers.


Tha last news I read on the subject said that the researchers were disappointed and it will not be possible to make computers by using entanglement. It seems that it does not correspond to what the physicists hoped. Let us see if we can keep the local action principle, which Einstein refused to reject, when interpreting the EPR paradox and the Aspect experiment through the model of the photon proposed in QRT.


Image:FIG._38_and_39.png


According to QRT the photon is composed of two corpuscles; a particle and its antiparticle, which move in a helical trajectory, rotating in opposite directions.

The polarization of light depends upon the position of the two particles when they cross one another. In the left of fig. 38 we see the vertical polarization, in the central part of the figure we see the horizontal polarization, and on the right we see the 45o polarization. When a photon is emitted, we don’t know the relative positions of the particle and the antiparticle; that is, we don’t know how the photon is polarized. Only after we make it pass through a polarizer, and it acquires the polarization of that polarizer, do we begin to know its polarization. Each photon also has another characteristic: the distance between the particle and the antiparticle, as seen in fig. 39.

In the photon Ph-1 on the left, the distance between them is minimum. In photon Ph-2, the distance is “a” and, in photon Ph-3, the distance is “b”. As each corpuscle produces electromagnetic fields, the phase shift, or delay, between the fields in a photon depends on that distance. Also the polarization of a photon depends upon that distance between the corpuscles because the polarization is a resonance phenomenon between that distance and the atomic planes of the crystal polarizer. If the distance between the two corpuscles does not resonate with the distance of the atomic planes, the photon will not cross the polarizer. Up to now, even a child can understand the result of Aspect’s experiment because as the two photons are identical, they have the same distance “d” between particle and antiparticle and, as it is this distance that determines whether or not the photon crosses the polarizer, it is clear that, if one passes the other ones passes too, and if one does not pass the other one does not pass either. End of the mystery!


SCHRÖDINGER’S CAT AND SUBJECTIVE REALITY


As well as Einstein, Schrödinger also used to conceive imaginary experiments for mocking the subjective aspect inherent to the Bohr-Heisenberg interpretation of quantum theory. He conceived an experiment that became famous and is explained as follows A cat is placed within a box that is closed in order that the observer performing the experiment cannot know what is happenning to the cat inside the box. A bubble with poison is also placed in the box. A mechanical device that can be activated by a sample of radioactive element breaks the bubble if the element decays and the cat will then die. If the element does not decay, the device will not be activated and the cat will survive. The cat’s life depends, therefore, on an event of a statistical nature. After half an hour the observer will open the box to find what happened.


From Quantum Mechanics, the quantum phenomenon depends on the observer. The phenomenon becomes real only when the observer obtains knowledge of the fact; that is, while the box is not opened, the phenomenon of decaying, or not, does not exist. Whether or not it happens will be decided when the observer opens the box. As a consequence of this dependency of the phenomenon on the observer’s consciousness, the life or the death of the cat will be decided at the moment the observer opens the box; if the cat is alive, the element did not decay, otherwise the decay has happened. Durng the thirty minutes it stays in the closed box, the cat will be held in a life and death situation. It will be released from this situation when the observer opens the box.


Many sttudents and even several physicits think that Schrödinger has conceived this experiment to illustrate and emphasize the aspect of subjetivity of reality in the quantum theory. Nevertheless, he has conceived the experiment to emphasize the ridiculous aspect of the theory. Naturally details such as these are not divulged. Schrödinger has discovered the most famous equation of Quantum Mechanics. It is not flattering to quote him as a sarcastic critic of the theory. The first time I read of the dead-alive cat, the author of the text has exhibited the paradox as if Schrödinger intended to emphasize this aspect of the quantum theory and that he really did believe in those odd principles of the theory. I remember that I could not avoid asking myself: “Could it be possible that he believed in this silliness ?” I knew that he was a vigorous opponent of the Bohr-Heisenberg interpretation, - also known as the Copenhagen interpretation. An injustice that many commit against Schrödinger is to mention him as if he agreed with that which others were doing with the quantum theory.


17.2- The new 2015 interpretation based on the entanglement promoted by the Aether

In 2015 some new elementary particles were incorporated to the structure of the Aether proposed originaly in the book Quantum Ring Theory published in 2006, so that to eliminate some philosophical inconsistence of the model.


The harder philosophical inconsistence of the model was its inability to explain why the even-even nuclei with equal number of protons and neutrons have null magnetic moment, in spite of those nuclei have rotation in the ground state. As the protons have electric charge and they rotate, those nuclei would have to have magnetic nuclear moment. But experiments have shown that those nuclei have null magnetic moment, and therefore there was need to look for the explanation. Such paradox did not exist in the Standard Nuclear Physics, because before 2012 the nuclear theorists have used to suppose that the even-even nuclei with equal number of protons and neutrons do not rotate in the ground state.

But after 2012 some experiments have shown that they have rotation in the ground state. For instance, in 2012 the journal Nature has published the paper How Atomic Nuclei Cluster, where it is shown that even-even nuclei with equal number of protons and neutrons have ellipsoidal shape. First of all, by considering the laws of the Standard Model is impossible to justify why those nuclei have spherical shape, because according to the Standard Model they would have to be spherical. But non-spherical nuclei have non-null electric quadrupole moment, while the even-even nuclei have null quadrupole moment. Such second paradox can be explained only by considering that the even-even nuclei rotate in the ground state. Thereby the ellipsoidal shape of the even-even nuclei detected in 2012 debunks the Standard Nuclear Model, because as they rotate they cannot have null nuclear magnetic moment, but experiments show their magnetic moment is null.


So, in order to explain why the even-even nuclei with equal number of protons and neutrons have null magnetic moment in the ground state, new particles were incorporated to the structure of the Aether proposed originally in the book QRT published in 2006. The new structure is published in Peswiki:

Aether Structure for unification between gravity and electromagnetism (2015)

http://peswiki.com/index.php/Aether_Structure_for_unification_between_gravity_and_electromagnetism_%282015%29


The Figure 2.4 ahead belongs to the article published in Peswiki, and it shows how strings of gravitons G(+) form the gravitational field of the proton.

Image:FIG._2.4.png


The Figure 2.5 of the paper published in Peswiki shows that magnetons m (+) cross the body-ring of the gravitions G(+), in the structure of the gravito-magnetic field of the proton.


Image:FIG._2.5.png


Now let us see how occurs the entanglement of two electrons, by considering the new structure of the Aether. In the gravito-magnetic field of the electron, the strings are constituted by gravitons G(-) crossed by magnetons m(-). The Figure 39-1 shows the gravitational interaction of two electrons (in order to simplify the figure, it is shown only two strings of gravitons G(-) ).


In order to know what string belongs to each electron, the two electrons are shown with different colors: red and green. The green string belongs to the green electron, and the red string belongs to the red electron. We note in the Figure 39-1 that the two magnetons m(-) moving in the red strings and in the green are moving in contrary direction, and therefore in the ordinary gravitational interaction between two electrons the influence of the magnetons is null.


Image:FIG._39-1.png


Image:FIG._39-2.png


The Figure 39-2 shows two electrons situated in the ZY plane, and the Figure 39-3 shows what happens with the strings situated along the ZY plane, when two electrons get entanglement: between the bodies of the two electrons all the magnetons m(-) move in the same direction, from the electron green to the electron red. The magnetons m(-) move in the same direction and all them have the same spin equal to the spins of the two electrons, and such alignment of spins promotes the entanglement of the two electrons. The Figure 39-4 shows the entanglement promoted by the alignment of spins between the electrons and the magnetons m(-).


Image:FIG._39-3.png


Image:FIG._39-4.png


In the experiment made in the Delft campus in 2015 there was no direct entanglement between the electrons. In that experiment there was actually an Entanglement swapping, as explained in the journal Nature:


“The researchers started with two unentangled electrons sitting in diamond crystals held in different labs on the Delft campus, 1.3 kilometres apart. Each electron was individually entangled with a photon, and both of those photons were then zipped to a third location. There, the two photons were entangled with each other — and this caused both their partner electrons to become entangled, too.”


The Figure 39-5 shows how the two electrons have aligned their spins, although they were in two laboratories separated by a distance of 1,3km:


Image:FIG._39-5.png


In 39-5(A) the researchers started with two unentangled electrons sitting in diamond crystals held in different labs 1 and 2 on the Delft campus, 1.3 kilometres apart.


In 39-5(B) each electron was individually entangled with a photon, and both of those photons were then zipped to a lab 3.


In 39-5(C) the two photons were entangled with each other in the lab 3 — and this caused the alignment of the spins of their partner electrons in the lab 2 and lab 3.



 
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"Physical mechanism behind the quantum entanglement" | Login/Create an Account | 1 comment | Search Discussion
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A solid case of entanglement (Score: 1)
by vlad on Sunday, March 27, 2016 @ 18:45:39 UTC
(User Info | Send a Message) http://www.zpenergy.com
A solid case of entanglement

Premises for faster than light communication?

After been a theoretical possibility, a team from Riken Center for Emergent Matter science managed to entangle pair of electrons laying down the road to "teleport qbits states across a chip"


[phys.org]



 

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